What is required for a joint resolution to be valid?

A joint resolution is a legislative proposal that requires passage by both chambers of Congress—namely, the House of Representatives and the Senate. After both chambers successfully pass the resolution, it must be signed by the President in order for it to become law. In essence, this process mirrors that of passing regular legislation.

The role of the President is crucial, as their signature indicates approval and finalizes the legislative action. If the President vetoes the resolution, Congress can still enact it if both chambers manage to override the veto with a two-thirds majority vote in each chamber.

Options that require approval by the Supreme Court, the signature of the Vice President, or a majority vote from citizens do not apply to the process of enacting a joint resolution. A joint resolution does not need the Supreme Court's approval at any stage, nor does it require the Vice President's signature, as the Vice President primarily serves as the presiding officer in the Senate and only acts in the event of a tie. Additionally, public voting is not part of the legislative process for joint resolutions, which are handled solely through congressional procedures.