Under what conditions can a conspirator be convicted for crimes committed by another conspirator?

A conspirator can be convicted for crimes committed by another conspirator when those crimes were foreseeable and in furtherance of the conspiracy. This principle is grounded in the doctrines of conspiracy law, which hold that individuals involved in a conspiracy can be held criminally liable for the acts of their co-conspirators if those acts are a natural and probable consequence of the conspiracy they are engaged in.

For a crime to be foreseeable, it generally means that the act is a logical outcome that could be expected to happen as a result of the conspiracy. Therefore, if one conspirator commits a crime that was anticipated within the scope of the agreement, all members of the conspiracy can be held accountable for that crime, regardless of whether they directly participated in it or were present at the scene.

The other options do not accurately reflect the legal principles associated with conspiracy. For instance, a conspirator cannot be held liable for crimes that occur without their knowledge, as awareness and intent are essential elements in establishing culpability in conspiracy. Simply being present at a crime scene does not automatically equate to liability unless the individual is linked to the conspiracy and the crime was foreseeable. Lastly, the ability to prove one's innocence does not negate the joint liability that conspirators face; rather,